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The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that the modernization of military theory, military organization, military personnel and weapons and equipment should be promoted in an all-round way. The first position of the modernization of military theory in the "four modernizations" has been clarified, which has given our army a new connotation of the times and injected a strong impetus into the research and innovation of military theory. Analyzing the background of the modernization of military theory and clearly grasping its main characteristics and development trend will help us deepen the research and exploration of the modernization of military theory and vigorously promote the modernization of national defense and the army.

The background of modernization of military theory

To study the laws and characteristics of modernization of military theory, we should first analyze the background and requirements of modernization of military theory.

Judging from the development track of contemporary international military theory, the modernization of military theory is accompanied by the changes of strategic environment, military technology and war form. After World War II, with the formation of the Cold War pattern, superpowers sought nuclear hegemony, nuclear balance and nuclear deterrence, resulting in a military theory of nuclear deterrence based on "balance of terror". With the outbreak of the Middle East War and the Iran-Iraq War, local war has become a new form of war, and the theory of limited war and special war represents new achievements in the modernization of military theory. In the late 20th century, the fourth military revolution, represented by information technology, rose, and the information-based war stepped onto the historical stage. The war theory in the information age became the new theme of modern military theory.

In recent years, with the rapid development and application of new technologies such as big data, cloud computing and artificial intelligence, the war form has been accelerated to information and intelligence. In this context, the space, field and dimension of military activities are expanding day by day, which is more closely related to politics, economy, culture and law. In particular, the requirements of systematization, quantification and engineering of military theory are getting higher and higher. Military theory is becoming a comprehensive theory that permeates many disciplines such as social science, natural science and technical science, which objectively requires the internal development of military theory to be more systematic and scientific.

To this end, this paper tries to define the modernization of military theory as follows: using the outstanding achievements in politics, military affairs, science and technology, education, management and culture created by the contemporary world, through innovation, the country’s understanding and knowledge system of national defense and army building will reach the contemporary advanced level, leading the development of military organizational form, military personnel and weapons and equipment modernization level and its process. This definition mainly includes four meanings: first, the modernization of military theory is the goal to be achieved and the development process; Second, the soul of modernization of military theory is innovation; Third, to realize the modernization of military theory, we should make extensive use of the achievements of contemporary advanced civilization; Fourthly, the leading position and role of modernization of military theory in the modernization of the army are clarified.

Main characteristics of modernization of military theory

The magnificent military practice in contemporary times has bred fertile ground for the modernization of military theory, and the theoretical exploration of a hundred schools of thought has constructed the magnificent content of modern military theory system. From the interaction between theory and practice, we can preliminarily see the main characteristics of modernization of military theory.

The advance of thinking. The advance of thinking has the logical driving force of anticipating and opening up ideas in concept discovery, concept construction and system design, which reflects the core requirements of military theoretical innovation and embodies the distinctive indicators of military theoretical modernization. Judging from the innovative practice of contemporary military theory, military reform is not only a leap in military technology, the upgrading of weapons and equipment, but more importantly, the forward-looking driving and leading of thinking. The characteristics of advanced thinking are as follows: strong crisis concept, with the mission of defending national sovereignty and national security interests, judging the international strategic environment situation, grasping the overall situation of military threats, and planning the future military needs forward-looking; Foresight and insight, profoundly grasp the laws and characteristics of modern warfare, predict the future war form, combat style and military technology development direction, and seize the thinking highland of "winning first and then seeking war"; Bravely transcend ideas, break through traditional thinking habits and stereotypes, establish systematic thinking, data thinking and algorithm thinking, explore new concepts of operations, design new winning mechanisms, and form a new path to enhance combat effectiveness.

The integrity of the system. Military theory is a systematic rational understanding and knowledge system of military issues. The integrity of its system and the systematization of its content are its inherent and inevitable requirements, and it also constitutes one of the main characteristics of the modernization of military theory. For example, Russia pays close attention to the systematicness of military theory, and successively published two editions of Military Theory of the Russian Federation in 2010 and 2014, which constitute a complete military theory system of the Russian army in the 21st century. Over the years, our army has actively constructed a systematic and complete military theory. According to the second edition of China Military Encyclopedia, our army has formed a military theoretical system consisting of 15 knowledge categories, including military thought, political work, military logistics and military equipment. With the progress of science and technology and the development of war practice, the scope of military theory will continue to expand, and the content will be more perfect and systematic.

The innovation of the method. Engels pointed out that the old methods cannot be used to achieve new results in military art. Only by creating new and more powerful means can we achieve new and greater results. Therefore, we should pay attention to relying on the application of new methods and means to greatly improve the efficiency and scientificity of military theoretical research. At the beginning of the 20th century, Lanchester, an Englishman, used the method of mathematical analysis to study combat problems for the first time, which initiated the quantitative analysis of military theory research. In World War II, the military operational research based on weapon effectiveness analysis brought the military theoretical research into the modern scientific level. At present, with the development of emerging technologies, big data, cloud computing and artificial intelligence will provide more innovative means and methods for military theoretical research. We should pay attention to promoting military theoretical research more scientifically and efficiently with these new methods.

The popularization of the results. Contemporary military theory is full of strong activity and practicality, and it has become the development direction of military theory modernization to apply the latest theoretical achievements to combat operations, equipment construction, military training and college education as soon as possible. The way for foreign troops to reach a consensus is to speed up the generation of combat effectiveness, quickly "materialize" new achievements in military theory into military regulations and planning plans, and promote the transformation and application of achievements at multiple levels and in multiple fields. According to the process of "operational concept-capability requirement-technical support", the military theory will be transformed into equipment documents to plan the future development of weapons and equipment; According to the new requirements of the combat mission and task in the new military theory and the combat capability of the troops, the structure of the combat forces of the troops is adjusted and the system establishment is optimized; Standardize military theory into operational rules and training programs to guide military training and college teaching; Through the combat laboratory, the evolution of new military theory is refined into operational scenarios and operational plans, which are applied to combat operations.

Development trend of modernization of military theory

In the 21st century, with the in-depth development of military reform, countries all over the world attach great importance to the leading role of military theory on the basis of strengthening the role of military technology in promoting the modernization of the army. They have adjusted their military strategies in light of their own development reality and put forward new military ideas and theories, which have continuously injected vitality into the development of military equipment, the establishment system of the army and the training of military personnel, and accelerated the modernization process of military theory, showing new characteristics and trends of the times.

Design war: a new space for the modernization of military theory. The emergence of new technology groups with network technology, combat simulation technology and artificial intelligence technology as the core has produced advanced combat experiment theories and methods, opened up new ideas and new fields for military theoretical research, provided conditions and possibilities for military theoretical research reform, and designed wars are becoming a reality. Through the combat laboratory, we can not only test the adaptability and operability of the existing military theories, but also verify the rationality and effectiveness of the operational regulations, evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of the operational plan, and more importantly, design future wars. With the help of the experimental environment of approximate actual combat, a new operational concept is put forward, and the confrontation is simulated repeatedly, resulting in a virtual battle example, and a new operational theory is deduced and refined. In fact, the effect of these laboratories in war simulation has also been fully confirmed. Looking at several important local wars in the 20th century, all of them were simulated in the laboratory first, and then carried out operations, which realized that "the war started in the laboratory" and showed the new direction of modernization of military theory.

Integration of science and technology: opening up a new mission of military theory modernization. With the development of information warfare practice and the emergence of intelligent warfare, the trend of interaction and integration between military theory and science and technology is becoming more and more obvious. First of all, the development of military theory leads the way and provides power for military technology. New operational concepts and theories of western military powers emerge one after another, which breeds a series of new military demands and stimulates new functions and indicators of military technology development. Secondly, the innovation and breakthrough of military technology gave birth to new operational theories. Nuclear technology produces the theory of nuclear shock and awe, guidance technology produces the theory of precision strike, and information technology produces the theory of information warfare. At present, big data, cloud computing and artificial intelligence technologies are developing rapidly, and intelligent wars are coming to us. Thirdly, the penetration, intersection and synthesis of military theory and military technology are deepening day by day. In the process of the development of military theory and technology to detailed professional classification, the integration of military theory and other sciences is further highlighted, and a huge and systematic military science system is constructed.

Combining research with war: consolidating the foundation of modernization of military theory. Only when military theory is rooted in the fertile soil of military practice can it fully stimulate vitality and maintain vigorous vitality. On the one hand, we attach importance to the test of military theory in actual combat. After the baptism of the Syrian-Israeli Bekaa Valley War, the British Amama War and the Gulf War, the theory of electronic warfare has evolved into a brand-new information warfare theory. On the other hand, strengthen military theory to be tested in experiments. In the process of the formation of the "Rapid Decisive Combat Theory" of the US military, the concept of "Future Joint Combat Concept" was first formulated by the Joint Forces Command, and then three versions of the "Rapid Decisive Combat Concept" document were formed by the simulation experiment of the future joint laboratory, which was successfully applied to the Iraq war.

Open communication: opening the international vision of modernization of military theory. Modern military activities have increasingly crossed national boundaries, and military diplomacy has become more and more frequent. On the one hand, the development of military theory requires not only strengthening the exchanges between services and arms, but also facing the society, actively opening to the society, deepening the exchanges between the military and the land, and absorbing and making full use of the achievements in social science, natural science and engineering technology in time. The foreign military attaches great importance to the support and training of non-governmental advisory bodies, and many major military theoretical studies have been undertaken by them, which has brought about important military benefits. On the other hand, the development of military theory should face the world, learn from others’ strengths and make up for their own shortcomings, which has become the consensus of all countries to strengthen the modernization of military theory. Through international military art conference, international military exercises, joint peacekeeping operations, military visits and other activities, we can directly or indirectly grasp the theoretical direction of foreign troops, improve the starting point of theoretical research, and promote the development of military theory to the world and the future.

(Author: Naval Research Institute)

Original Ruan Guangfeng Ruan Guangfeng nutritionist

Image source freepik.com

Chicken is a kind of meat that we usually eat. Fried chicken, braised chicken, spicy chicken and boiled chicken are all delicious. Besides, chicken wings, chicken legs, chicken gizzards and chicken offal are all delicious.

Image source Weibo screenshot

Recently, however, Xiaoyu, who is not yet 8 years old in Hangzhou, felt breast swelling and pain. When she took a bath at night, she found that her breasts became bigger. Her family took Xiaoyu to the hospital for examination and was diagnosed with precocious puberty. The doctor said that he has also received many children with precocious puberty in these years, and the youngest is only 5 years old.

Image source Weibo screenshot

The doctor said that children like Xiaoyu should not eat foods containing hormones, especially chicken, in their daily diet, which will make their children prosperous and develop early.

Chicken is really a hormone, and eating it will lead to precocious puberty? Let’s talk about precocious puberty and diet today

01

What is precocious puberty?

Precocious puberty (PP) refers to that boys have secondary sexual characteristics before the age of 9, girls have secondary sexual characteristics before the age of 8, or girls have menstruation before the age of 10 [1].

According to the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations, precocious puberty can be divided into true precocious puberty and false precocious puberty [2].

True precocious puberty, that is, central precocious puberty (CPP), also known as gonadotropin-releasing hormone-dependent precocious puberty, means that the hypothalamus secretes and releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in advance, which activates the pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropin, causes the development of internal and external genitalia and secondary sexual characteristics until the reproductive system matures.

Pseudo-precocious puberty, that is, peripheral precocious puberty, also known as non-gonadotropin-releasing hormone-dependent precocious puberty, refers to the increase of sex steroids to puberty level caused by gonadal tumors, adrenal cortical hyperplasia or other reasons.

Pseudo-precocious children show early secondary sexual characteristics, but they do not have reproductive ability.

Image source freepik.com

02

What causes can lead to precocious puberty?

The causes of precocious puberty are very complicated, which may be the result of the joint action of many factors. Including genetic factors, diseases, obesity and environmental factors [3]:

1. Genetic factors

Genetic factors are one of the important causes of precocious puberty. At present, it has been confirmed that the mutation of some genes will lead to precocious puberty. Gene polymorphism is also closely related to the onset of puberty, and some loci polymorphism will affect the transcription or expression of genes and the function of gene products. In addition, some hereditary diseases may lead to precocious puberty.

2. Illness

Aside from genetic factors, the main causes of precocious puberty are various diseases.

For example, the most common cause of central precocious puberty is organic diseases of the central nervous system, such as hypothalamic and pituitary tumors or other central nervous system diseases [4]. Some guidelines for diagnosis and treatment also clearly point out that central precocious puberty must be diagnosed, and special attention should be paid to excluding organic CPP caused by nervous system abnormalities and secondary diseases.

Image source [5]

The main causes of pseudoprecocious puberty are also some diseases. For example, hereditary ovarian dysfunction, benign ovarian occupying lesions such as autonomic ovarian cysts, estrogen-secreting adrenal cortical tumors or ovarian tumors, and ectopic human chorionic gonadotropin-secreting tumors may lead to precocious puberty in girls; Congenital adrenal hyperplasia), adrenal cortical tumor or testicular interstitial cell tumor, ectopic HCG secretion tumor, estrogen-producing adrenal cortical tumor or testicular tumor are easy to cause precocious puberty in boys.

Image source [6]

3. Exogenous hormones/environmental interference

Taking a large amount of estrogen, hormone-like substances and endocrine disruptors in the environment, such as phthalate esters, polychlorinated biphenyls and bisphenol A [7], as well as some pesticides and heavy metals, may also lead to precocious puberty in children.

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4. Obesity

More and more evidence shows that childhood obesity increases the risk of puberty precocious puberty, and the risk of girls is significantly higher than that of boys [8].

As you can see, the main cause of precocious puberty is actually some diseases-related reasons. Therefore, the guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of precocious puberty suggest that if children really have precocious puberty, they should first check whether there are diseases and other effects.

03

Food can lead to precocious puberty?

In fact, ordinary food and diet are not directly related to precocious puberty.

But as I said before, obesity will increase the risk of precocious puberty [9]. Therefore, the food and diet that can easily lead to obesity have something to do with precocious puberty.

For example, children’s living conditions are much better now than before. They often eat fried food, often drink sweet drinks, and seldom exercise … These are all easy to lead to overweight and obesity, which will increase the risk of precocious puberty from the side.

To say that it has a certain impact, supplements and health care products count as one. Nowadays, many parents will give their children supplements and health care products, such as those that grow taller and promote growth. Hormones are often added to these supplements, which will lead to precocious puberty.

Image source freepik.com

04

Chicken is full of hormones, which leads to precocious puberty?

The argument that chicken leads to precocious puberty has been widely circulated. The main reason is that chickens now grow fast and come out in 40 days. They are all fast-growing chickens with hormones, which will lead to precocious puberty.

In fact, this statement is completely unwarranted.

The fast-growing chicken we are talking about now belongs to the "fast-growing white feather chicken" [10]. Its rapid growth is the result of improved variety breeding and scientific feeding, and has nothing to do with hormones [11].

This kind of chicken has a high feed conversion rate. It grows fast and is big, and now they eat better feed. These feeds are not just mixed with corn flour and diced Chinese cabbage. They are similar to the "nutritious meals" we often hear now. They are all made by scientific combination of raw materials selection, ingredient ratio, production technology and feeding scheme. Therefore, it can be released in about 40 days now, and the weight can reach 2-3 kg [12].

You can see that from 1957 to 2005, the breeding of chickens has changed [13]

We often see on the Internet and TV that the problem of exposing chickens is actually the abuse of "antibiotics" and has nothing to do with "hormones". If you really take hormones, the health of chickens will be bad, and hormones are quite expensive.

Generally speaking, there are no more hormones in chicken. Precocious puberty really has nothing to do with eating chicken. At present, there is no evidence and case that chicken or other meat may cause precocious puberty in the world, and there is no treatment guide for precocious puberty that says you can’t eat chicken. Moreover, chicken is white meat that is usually said in nutrition. In fact, it is quite good for health, so you don’t have to worry about eating it normally.

However, if you always fry chicken and add a lot of oil when eating chicken, it will lead to too much energy and increase the risk of obesity, so it is wrong to eat it.

Image source freepik.com

05

How to prevent precocity?

Diet is mainly to prevent obesity, while avoiding accidentally eating hormones. From the perspective of diet and life, it is suggested that:

1. Improve eating habits and prevent overweight and obesity.

More and more evidence shows that childhood obesity increases the risk of precocious puberty, and the risk of girls is significantly higher than that of boys. Parents are advised to help their children improve their eating habits from an early age, develop good eating habits, reduce the intake of high-calorie, fried, high-oil and high-sugar foods, such as eating less fried foods and drinking less sugary drinks, and increasing the variety of foods to help control weight.

Specific to chicken, try to eat less chicken cooked by fried chicken, braised chicken, spicy chicken and other cooking methods, which is oily and high in energy, and boiled and steamed chicken is better; When eating chicken, give priority to chicken breast, which has less fat and can better prevent obesity.

2. Increase physical exercise and physical activity.

This is actually to prevent obesity. By increasing energy consumption, let children do outdoor activities every day instead of always staying at home.

3. Don’t eat supplements and health foods indiscriminately.

There is no need to worry about the hormones in normal food itself. However, many so-called supplements and health products may have added exogenous hormones, which may easily increase the risk of precocious puberty. As long as children eat normally and pay attention to balanced nutrition, most health care products and supplements are unnecessary.

References:

[1] Tan Qian, Huang Lu, Yang Jieping. Research on the emotional situation and influence factors of children’s early sexual maturity [J]. Frontier of Medicine and Medicine, 2020,10(27):8-10.

[2] Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of precocious puberty (for Trial Implementation) [Wei Ban Yi Zheng Fa (195)No. ][J]. China Journal of Child Health, 2011, 19 (4): 390-392.

[3] Sun Yanyan, Yu Jian. Research progress on the etiology of precocious puberty [J]. journal of applied clinical pediatrics Journal, 2011,26(20):1599-1601.

[4] Liang Liyang, Li Fangping. Diagnosis and treatment of precocious puberty [J]. Drug Evaluation, 2016,13(03):27-31.

[5] Endocrine Genetics and Metabolism Group of Pediatrics Branch of Chinese Medical Association. Consensus on diagnosis and treatment of central precocious puberty [J]. Chinese Journal of Pediatrics, 2015, 53(6): 412-418.

[6] Chen Ruimin. Research progress on the etiology of peripheral precocious puberty [J]. journal of applied clinical pediatrics Journal, 2012,27(20):1545-1547.

[7] Jing Xu. Study on the correlation between precocious puberty in children and lifestyle and family factors [D]. Zhejiang: Hangzhou Normal University, 2017.

[8] Puberty Group of Women’s Health Branch of Chinese Preventive Medicine Association. Consensus on diagnosis and treatment of female precocious puberty [J]. chinese journal of woman and child health research, 2018,29(2):135-138.

You Xiaomeng, Shan Chuan, Shen Xiuhua. Research progress of childhood obesity and precocious puberty [J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Medical Edition), 2012,32(7):949-951.

[10] Boya. Fast-growing broilers will still be the leading variety of broiler production in China [J]. Agricultural Knowledge (Scientific Breeding), 2013,(9):16-16.

[11] AARON Li, Du Zhiqiang, Wang Shouzhi, et al. The past, present and future of white feather broiler breeding [J]. China Poultry, 2016,38(19):1-8.

[12] Gao Lin, Bai Zijin. On the technical system of healthy and ecological breeding of fast and large white feather broilers [J]. Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University (Social Science Edition), 2015,17(2):213-218.

[13] https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/03/12/our-insatiable-appetite-for-cheap-white-meat-is-making-chickens-unrecognizable/.

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　　CCTV News:Rabe’s Diary, which records the detailed evidence of the Japanese invaders’ massacre in Nanjing in 1937, has long been known to the world. Not long ago, john rabe’s descendants donated the original of Rabe’s Diary to the Central Archives of China. A few days ago, our reporter got permission to shoot this precious file exclusively.

　　Opening this yellowed paper, lines of German recorded the terrible massacre made by Japanese invaders in Nanjing from December 1937 to early 1938. This is the famous original of Rabe’s Diary.John rabe wrote in his diary: "There are corpses all over Zhongshan North Road. In front of the city gate, the corpses are piled up like hills … … Killing people everywhere. "

　　In December, 1937, john rabe, a German in China, and more than a dozen foreigners jointly initiated the establishment of Nanjing International Security Zone. In the extremely dangerous environment at that time, they provided temporary shelter for about 250,000 China refugees in the safe zone. Rabe recorded a lot of shocking facts with a unique identity and perspective, witnessed the heinous crimes committed by Japanese militarism in Nanjing, and showed a touching humanitarian spirit.

　　Wang Hongmin, Director of Foreign Affairs Office of National Archives Bureau"Rabe Diary is a very important supplement to the existing historical archives, a true record, and an international third-party record, which is a very important supplement in our historical materials."

　　Rabe’s Diary in Nanjing, that is, the enemy plane flies to Nanjing, consists of six volumes and eight books. A red cross armband used by john rabe, a No.1 pass permit in Nanjing, and a jade medal awarded by the National Government in recognition of john rabe’s outstanding contribution to War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, China. These precious historical materials brought back to Germany by Rabe after several battles have high archival value and cultural relics value.

　　Wang Hongmin, Director of the Foreign Affairs Office of the National Archives Bureau: "Nanjing Massacre archives were selected ‘ World memory ’ In the future, many people hope to learn more about the historical facts of the Nanjing Massacre. Therefore, Rabe’s diary entered the Central Archives of Tibet, which provided very important historical materials for our historians to further study this period of history. "

Cctv news(Reporter Kan Chunyu, Xu Yeqing): Recently, the Ministry of Education announced the list of national competitions for primary and secondary school students in the 2020-2021 school year. There are 35 events in the list, which are divided into three categories: natural science literacy, comprehensive humanities literacy and art sports.

The national middle school students’ mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and informatics Olympic competitions were all selected, but the national youth science and technology innovation competition, which was still on the list last year, was not included.

In the compliant competition, innovation, Olympics, popular science, artificial intelligence, and robots are high-frequency words in the name of the competition.

The organizers of the contest are mostly societies, associations and foundations. China Association for Science and Technology undertakes 4 events and is the organizer of the most national competitions. China Contemporary Literature Research Association ranked second with two events. Beijing Foreign Studies University, which hosted the FLTRP Cup National Middle School Students’ Foreign Language Literacy Competition, is the only institution in the list.

Of the 35 competitions, only one is not for senior high school students. Compared with last year, vocational high schools and technical secondary schools also have their own compliance competitions.

In order to control all kinds of illegal competition activities and reduce the extracurricular burden of primary and secondary school students, in September 2018, the Ministry of Education issued the "Administrative Measures on National Competition Activities for Primary and Secondary School Students (Trial)". It is pointed out that local education administrative departments at all levels, primary and secondary schools and various educational institutions are not allowed to organize or organize primary and secondary school students to participate in competitions for primary and secondary school students with the words "National", "National" and "Greater China" outside the list, and are not allowed to provide venues, funds and other conditions for illegal competitions. The "Measures" particularly emphasize that the competition and the results produced by the competition are not used as the basis for enrollment in primary and secondary schools.

In April 2019, the Ministry of Education announced the first batch of lists, including 29 events.

Compared with the list in the past two years, CCTV reporters noticed that the classification and activities of the competition have changed a lot.

In 2019, the competition activities were divided into scientific and technological innovation, discipline and art and sports. In this year’s list, except for art and sports, the other two items were changed to natural science literacy and humanities comprehensive quality.

Eight competitions have disappeared from the list, including this year’s National Youth Science and Technology Innovation Competition, which was caught in a dispute over the falsification of award-winning works.

In July this year, the sixth-grade primary school students’ research on cancer won the third prize of the 2019 National Youth Science and Technology Innovation Competition, which was questioned by the public. The General Office of the Ministry of Education issued the Notice on Further Strengthening the Management of National Competition Activities for Primary and Secondary School Students. It is pointed out that some problems have been exposed in the recent organization of individual competitions, such as lax evaluation and suspected parents doing it for them, which have caused adverse effects. The Notice requires strict competition evaluation, and once again emphasizes that any competition award will not be used as the basis for enrollment in the basic education stage.

Meanwhile, 14 events have been added to the list.

It is reported that the list of competition activities released this time was declared by the organizer independently, and was finally determined after the Ministry of Education organized experts to conduct evaluation, publicity and review.

The Ministry of Education requires that competitions entering the list should adhere to public welfare, not for profit, and achieve "zero fees".